We begin with an overview of 3D printing techniques, biomaterials and their use in in vitro tissue construction, and then move on to discussing pioneering work in cancer, heart, liver, and muscle in vitro models for biological studies, drug screening, and toxicity investigations. Here, we present a state-of-the-art review on the in vitro complex tissue model constructions based on 3D bioprinting. 2018a, b), and has resulted in significant accomplishments in moving the field forward in recent years. 2019), 3D bioprinting has aided in the tailored control over microarchitecture, extracellular matrix (ECM) construction, and cell deposition for the establishment of in vitro models, particularly the recapitulation of complex tissues (Ma et al. 2020a, b) and biocompatible processes (Ashammakhi et al. With an ever-expanding range of available biomaterials (Yu et al. 2017).ģD bioprinting has emerged as an intriguing approach for the production of complex in vitro models, by which means cells and/or their supporting scaffold are precisely deposited, localized, or joined in user-defined geometries and dimensions. Accurate recapitulation of native physiology, such as cell composition, biophysical and biochemical signaling, as well as microarchitecture, could result in greater substantive response when drawing correlations between in vitro and in vivo conditions (Lelièvre et al. In vitro tissue models have evolved from simple two-dimensional (2D) monocultures into more advanced three-dimensional (3D) structures, such as organoids, dynamic culture systems, micro-tissues, organ-on-chip devices, and other combinations (Braun et al. 2020), as well as the development of environmental pollution prevention and labor protection approaches. Such models are efficient, low-cost, and non-cruel recapitulations of native tissues, and their development has sped the discovery of various medications (Madorran et al. This was the biggest mistake and greatest regret of my life.In vitro tissue models have greatly advanced our understanding of the pharmacological and toxicological processes of a wide range of treatments and chemicals (Davila et al. I devoted my loyalty, my resources, and, ultimately, my life to him. I believed, whole-heartedly, that his mentorship was leading me to a better, more enlightened version of myself. "It is now of paramount importance to me to say, from the bottom of my heart, I am so sorry," she wrote. "I threw myself into the teachings of Keith Raniere with everything I had. In a letter obtained by The Hollywood Reporter and Variety, addressed to "those who have been harmed by my actions," Mack expressed regret for her actions and reflected on the "opportunity" of her house arrest to "confront the darkest parts of myself and come to terms with the pain my actions have inflicted on so many people I love." Previous: 'Smallville' actress Allison Mack starts prison sentence in NXIVM sex cult case Mack would later repudiate Raniere and express “remorse and guilt” before her sentencing in federal court in Brooklyn, New York. In addition to Mack, members of the group included an heiress to the Seagram’s liquor fortune, Clare Bronfman and a daughter of TV star Catherine Oxenberg of “Dynasty” fame. Mack helped prosecutors mount evidence showing how Raniere created a secret society that included brainwashed women who were branded with his initials and forced to have sex with him. Mack avoided a longer prison term by cooperating with federal authorities in their case against Raniere, who was ultimately sentenced to 120 years in prison after being convicted on sex-trafficking charges.Īllison Mack calls role in NXIVM sex cult case her 'biggest mistake' days before sentencing Her release was first reported by the Albany Times-Union. Online records maintained by the Federal Bureau of Prisons said Mack, 40, was released Monday from a federal prison in Dublin, California, near San Francisco. Mack, best known for her role as a young Superman’s close friend on “Smallville,” was sentenced to three years behind bars in 2021 after pleading guilty two years earlier to charges that she manipulated women into becoming sex slaves for NXIVM leader Keith Raniere. The television actor Allison Mack, who pleaded guilty for her role in a sex-trafficking case tied to the cult-like group NXIVM, has been released from a California prison, according to a government website.
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